Lima Memorial Health System Logo
Approximate ER WAIT TIME WAIT TIME MACRO

Health Library

Chemical pneumonitis
     
Print-Friendly
Bookmarks

Chemical pneumonitis

Aspiration pneumonia - chemical

 

Chemical pneumonitis is inflammation of the lungs or breathing difficulty due to inhaling chemical fumes or breathing in and choking on certain chemicals.

Causes

 

Many chemicals used in the home and workplace can cause pneumonitis.

Some common dangerous inhaled substances include:

  • Chlorine gas (breathed in from cleaning materials such as chlorine bleach, during industrial accidents, or near swimming pools)
  • Grain and fertilizer dust
  • Noxious fumes from pesticides
  • Smoke (from house fires and wildfires)

There are two types of pneumonitis:

  • Acute pneumonitis occurs rapidly after breathing in the substance.
  • Long-term (chronic) pneumonitis occurs after exposure to low levels of the substance over a long time. This causes inflammation and may lead to stiffness of the lungs. As a result, the lungs start to lose their ability to get oxygen to the body. Untreated, this condition can cause respiratory failure and death.

Chronic aspiration of acid from the stomach and exposure to chemical weapons can also lead to chemical pneumonitis.

 

Symptoms

 

Acute symptoms may include:

  • Air hunger (feeling that you cannot get enough air)
  • Breathing that sounds wet or gurgling (abnormal lung sounds)
  • Cough
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Unusual sensation (possibly burning feeling) in the chest

Chronic symptoms may include:

  • Cough (may or may not occur)
  • Progressive disability (related to shortness of breath)
  • Rapid breathing (tachypnea)
  • Shortness of breath with only mild exercise

 

Exams and Tests

 

The following tests help determine how severely the lungs are affected:

  • Blood gases (measurement of how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are in your blood)
  • CT scan of chest
  • Lung (pulmonary) function studies (tests to measure breathing and how well the lungs are functioning)
  • X-ray of the chest
  • Swallowing studies to check if stomach acid is the cause of pneumonitis
  • Blood tests of kidney and liver function

 

Treatment

 

Treatment is focused on reversing the cause of inflammation and reducing symptoms. Corticosteroids may be given to reduce inflammation, often before long-term scarring occurs.

Antibiotics are usually not helpful or needed, unless there is a secondary infection. Oxygen therapy may be helpful.

In cases of swallowing and stomach problems, eating small meals in the upright position can help. In severe cases, a feeding tube in the stomach is needed, although this does not always completely prevent aspiration into the lungs.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

The outcome depends on the chemical, the severity of exposure, and whether the problem is acute or chronic.

 

Possible Complications

 

Respiratory failure and death can occur.

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Contact your health care provider if you have trouble breathing after inhaling (or possibly inhaling) any substance.

 

Prevention

 

Only use household chemicals as directed, and always in well-ventilated areas with proper protective equipment. Never mix ammonia and bleach.

Follow workplace rules for breathing masks and wear the right mask. People who work near fire should take care to limit their exposure to smoke or gases.

Be careful about giving mineral oil to anyone who might choke on it (children or older people).

Sit up while eating and don't lie down right after eating if you have swallowing problems.

Do not siphon gas, kerosene, or other toxic liquid chemicals.

 

 

References

Christiani DC, Maier LA. Physical and chemical injuries of the lungs. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 82.

Kushchner WG, Blanc PD. Acute responses to toxic exposures. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 103.

Tarlo SM, Redlich CA. Occupational lung disease. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 81.

BACK TO TOPText only

  • Lungs

    Lungs

    illustration

  • Respiratory system

    Respiratory system

    illustration

 

Review Date: 8/19/2024

URAC Seal
Health Content Provider
06/01/2025
A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, for Health Content Provider (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics. This site complied with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information from 1995 to 2022, after which HON (Health On the Net, a not-for-profit organization that promoted transparent and reliable health information online) was discontinued.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. No warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, or correctness of any translations made by a third-party service of the information provided herein into any other language. © 1997- 2025 A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
© 1997- 2025adam.comAll rights reserved.