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Staphylococcal meningitis
     
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Staphylococcal meningitis

 

Meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This covering is called the meninges.

Bacteria are one type of germ that may cause meningitis. The staphylococcal bacteria are one type of bacteria that cause meningitis.

Staphylococcal meningitis is caused by staphylococcus bacteria. When it is caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, it usually develops as a complication of surgery or as an infection that spreads through the blood from another site.

Risk factors include:

  • Infections of heart valves
  • Past infection of the brain
  • Past meningitis due to spinal fluid shunts
  • Recent brain surgery
  • The presence of a spinal fluid shunt
  • Trauma
  • Bloodstream infection with Staphylococcus aureus

Symptoms

 

Symptoms may come on quickly, and include:

  • Fever and chills
  • Mental status changes
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
  • Severe headache
  • Stiff neck (meningismus)

Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:

  • Agitation
  • Bulging fontanelles in infants
  • Decreased alertness
  • Poor feeding or irritability in children
  • Rapid breathing
  • Unusual posture, with the head and neck arched backwards (opisthotonos)

 

Exams and Tests

 

Your health care provider will perform a physical exam. Questions will focus on symptoms and risk factors.

If your provider thinks meningitis is possible, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is done to remove a sample of spinal fluid for testing. If you have a spinal fluid shunt, the sample may be taken from this instead.

Tests may include:

  • Blood culture
  • Chest x-ray
  • CT scan of the head
  • Complete blood count (CBC)
  • Gram stain or other special stains, and culture of the spinal fluid

 

Treatment

 

Antibiotics will be started as soon as possible. Vancomycin is the first choice for suspected staphylococcal meningitis. Nafcillin is used when tests show that the bacteria are sensitive to this antibiotic.

Often, treatment will include a search for and removal of possible sources of bacteria in the body. These include shunts or artificial heart valves.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Early treatment improves the outcome. However, some people do not survive. Young children and adults over age 50 have the highest risk for death.

Staphylococcal meningitis often improves more quickly, with fewer complications, if the source of the infection is removed. The source may include shunts, hardware in joints, or artificial heart valves.

 

Possible Complications

 

Long-term complications may include:

  • Brain damage
  • Buildup of fluid between the skull and brain (subdural effusion)
  • Buildup of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling (hydrocephalus)
  • Hearing loss
  • Seizures
  • Staph infection in another area of the body

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call 911 or the local emergency number or go to an emergency room if you suspect meningitis in a young child who has the following symptoms:

  • Feeding problems
  • High-pitched cry
  • Irritability
  • Persistent, unexplained fever

Meningitis can quickly become a life-threatening illness.

 

Prevention

 

In high-risk people, taking antibiotics before diagnostic or surgical procedures may help reduce the risk. Discuss this with your provider.

 

 

Open References

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Meningitis. About bacterial meningitis. www.cdc.gov/meningitis/about/bacterial-meningitis.html. Updated January 9, 2024. Accessed September 10, 2024.

Hasbun R, Van de Beek D, Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR. Acute meningitis. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 87.

Nath A. Meningitis: bacterial, viral, and other. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 381.

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  • Meninges of the brain

    Meninges of the brain

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  • Meninges of the spine

    Meninges of the spine

    illustration

  • Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

    Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

    illustration

  • CSF cell count

    CSF cell count

    illustration

 

Review Date: 8/29/2024

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